The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example Coordinated advertising interchanges is a showcasing methodology that is very presence of mind. IMC is a developing idea. In this manner, it doesn't up 'til now have hypothetical system that is commonly acknowledged by all academicians or researchers. Various researchers, be that as it may, are adding to the structure of a hypothesis base. That is, in the quickly changing publicizing condition presently found in numerous nations, there has been an inescapable requiring a progressively organized and arranged showcasing correspondence idea and approach, which have regularly appeared as Integrated Marketing Communications. Incorporated advertising correspondences has been characterized as an administration theory (Stewart, 1996), an instructive development (Hutton, 1996), and a binding together business practice (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998), among others (cf. Stewart, 1996). These irregularities in characterizing and estimating IMC have forestalled the advancement of a strong exploration stream around there. So as to expand on and broaden past examination, we decided to embrace the first meaning of Duncan and Everett (1993), who characterize IMC as the key coordination all things considered and media utilized by an association to impact its apparent image esteem. The organizations, who have received incorporated promoting correspondences, utilize one procedure for everything as opposed to isolating interchanges into a few divisions. It is a re-designed advertising technique and it must embrace two crucial standards: 1. The main guideline specifies that advertisers should see all types of media, print, electronic similarly. No priority ought to be given to one type of media over the other, for instance, to papers over TV and so on. Advertisers ought to have an absolutely fair-minded and preference free methodology towards all type of showcasing media. 2. The second rule that is a significant piece of the advertising technique is that the individuals liable for showcasing in each association must move toward a wide range of promoting media with a vital approach and do appropriate arranging in such manner. The foundation behind the rise of IMC originates from three significant regions. To start with, from the corporate or customer side, an expanding intensity and higher hazard in the commercial center realized by forceful exercises by the board's merger and securing bunch have been required basically to meet the buyer's inexorably assorted needs more effectively through an assortment of new showcasing systems. Second, from the media and market side, debilitating intensity of customary showcasing and promoting because of the quick advancement of data innovation has expanded the quest for increasingly successful and cost-proficient techniques in advertising correspondences. Third, from the purchaser side, on-going changes and progressively broadened buyer ways of life have urged sponsors to grow increasingly detailed and snappier reaction correspondence disciplines. The conventional publicizing media base has now been supplanted with new types of media. Subsequently, the organizations currently need to embrace new and developing types of

Organizational Behaviour Effective Business Organization

Question: Portray about the Organizational Behavior for Effective Business Organization. Answer: SelfAndTeamRolesOfTheManager The substance of this paper applies the investigation of authoritative conduct of an administrator. Hierarchical conduct is the investigation of how different people cooperate inside a foundation or a gathering of people. The examination helps in the making of proficient business association and group or laborers the board. The investigation of OB starts with the assurance of the jobs of a given character being referred to as found in this paper (Need 2006). A foundation, for example, x association has various departmental directors however study covers the jobs and duties of a trough without specialization bases on the office. Arranging and association The commitment of arranging and association of all exercises inside the association. The trough in organization x is liable for arranging the points, hierarchical goals and needs as per their obligations. Supervisor has the obligation to pass suitable message to their groups and accomplices. To keep up cooperation the trough has the commitment to pass data fittingly to the group and the associates. Overseeing money and accessible assets A trough in an association is answerable for all the fund and assets of the association. A hierarchical trough has the duty regarding sending the assets inside sets of responsibilities. In this manner, it is upon the mange to guarantee that the time accessible, cash and other accessible assets are appropriate disseminated all together empower the association to accomplish its objectives and commitments. The trough is additionally liable for the budgetary soundness of an association by guaranteeing the estimation of cash accessible by making reviews on the authoritative spending plans and all the money related stream in an associations. Advancing value and decent variety inside the association A trough is liable for the individual obligations by guaranteeing that he is comfortable and well acquainted with the terms, guidelines and the guidelines of the association so as to guarantee value and decent variety win the association. To guarantee that the value and decent variety is advanced, the administrator needs to guarantee that all the staff and partners re treated reasonably and similarly. Make an operational culture for all the laborers and the staff colleagues and empower all the laborers to build up the soul of attempting to the maximum capacity (Ghoshal 2005). Driving creating and overseeing An administrator has a position of authority to play in association to guarantee that everybody in the association play out their best through inspiration and creating them to accomplish better and expanded creation. The positions of authority of a trough incorporates: The trough ought to give structure and course and the intends to the group Guarantee powerful correspondence through ordinary gatherings and culminations Setting of parameters and norms to guarantee great execution Lead ordinary surveys, preparing and improvement Oversee lackluster showing and administer the work participation and sort out for inspirations Enrollment and the board of order and objections Character, Attitudes and Values of a Manager a) Personal Characteristics The supervisors individual qualities assist him with developing himself just as upgrade his associations with the others. These attractive individual highlights make the administrator an individual that others can turn upward to just as feel great. They incorporate; Self-inspiration A director is just compelling when he can self-inspire. He can't spur others without self-inspiration. By having self-inspiration, an administrator will be able to make himself go and consequently assume responsibility for what is in store for him henceforth having the option to spur individuals around him. Trustworthiness/Reliability A chief is one individual that individuals are subject to and thus should be trustworthy and solid. The two bosses and subordinates of an administrator must realize that the chief will be responsible. Positive thinking The administrator should consistently be idealistic by taking a gander at the future with trust. This disposition will enable the chief to manufacture assurance in his representatives. The supervisors uplifting disposition is a potential motivation to others which assist them with feeling great in regards to completing work. Certainty The supervisor has the trust in himself. He can settle on certain choice just as show the representatives that he is fit for settling on compelling choices. The administrators certainty encourages him come off on workers which is advantageous. b) Values of a chief Respectability The trough is upstanding and honest in his obligation trying towards accomplishing the destinations and the points intended to be accomplished. The trough should work as indicated by the specified principles, morals and ethos and watch the gauges require by the partners and work sincerely with the colleagues. Genuineness and uprightness empower the colleagues to follow the director as their pioneer. Ability to face Challenge The director isn't anxious about facing challenges however is centered around accomplishment required to acquire the goals of the association. The mange took determined moves to deal with circumstances while gauging the accessible choices and options cautiously before he taken any measure. The trough gains from his deficiencies and rise up out of them solid and prepared to take on the following errand. Hopefulness and Enthusiasm As an incredible chief the administrator persuades colleagues with his getting energy, his captivatingly legit excitement, enthusiasm and the enthusiasm for what he does. Rather than harping on the difficulties, the trough concentrated on different potential answers for meet the target of the association. The supervisor has the will to push ahead with the group through inspiration. Duty to Growth The trough that information procurement is a procedure and never chilled out from learning and to develop expertly and by and by to maintain with current patterns and strategies which are required to run and deal with a business towards accomplishing the points and the reason it was intended to accomplish. Being a decent group pioneer the trough consistently understood that so as to proceed at the bleeding edge of the activity advertise and the business he must adapt continually through, self-assessment, evaluation and creation all done at self-assessment level. Vision The supervisor has a superior information on what the business is intended to accomplish. The trough in this way utilizes his vision to make plans and points that the association can use to accomplish the ideal targets. They are not obscure or vague in their objectives nor do they leave anything to risk. Pioneers are additionally ready to verbalize and convey their vision unmistakably and undoubtedly and move and win others to their foundation with their vision. Obligation The supervisor can meet his commitments and can be depended on upon to expect risk for his exercises and to rehearse his commitments completely without delays towards meeting the. The administrator could stand determinedly behind the obligations he make and doesn't give in his group or let them down; nor a possibility assign issue to occupy from his own specific commitments (Haleblian and Finkelstein 2013). The chief doesn't have a setback mentality that considers others accountable for their poor choices and deficiencies yet look difficulties in the face and face by confronting the his group head-on. c) Attitudes of an administrator An administrator ought to be educated: the chief ought to be well furnished with data identified with his field of activity as observed. An all around educated director spurs and empower his colleagues with his uplifting disposition. Data additionally results into a sentiment of self-assurance by the chief empowering him to perform well in as indicated by the necessities. Ought to be enterprising: Inventiveness and energy towards ventures decides a supervisor. The chief has enterprising capacities and the capacity to drop the weight from laborers through discoveries from inventive responses for different conditions inside the association. With the directors capacity to think quick and imaginativeness, he ready to find new chances and holes significant for the accomplishment of the business. This sort of disposition propels the laborers to invest more exertion during tasks. Acknowledgment of progress: the administrator has the will to invite change and acknowledge a change, regardless of whether positive or negative and follow up on the properly. This sort of mentality encourages the chief to make a strong and positive work environment condition for the subordinates to give their best without getting restrained by the dread of progress (Schein 2005). The chief ought to never be open on the grounds which are negative job player. If supervisors is open, he probably won't have his subordinates adequately working for him when he generally take complex issues contrarily thwarting the advancement. Exhaustive: the trough grasps various capacities of the colleague and enable commitments from subordinate partners. The mange never makes an allegation on the subordinates for each shortcoming occurring in the association. Despite the way that it may be straightforward for the chief to evade obligation with respect to the decisions of staying the shortcoming in the group , when such allegations happens, the subordinates will in general develop a low supposition of the administrator and are for the most part reluctant to go in direction from the supervisor. Challneges Faced By A Mangers While Dealing With Team Mebers The chief of x as an association is confronted with a lot of difficulties while managing group tanging from, end of and representative, standing up to a group dependent on their performance,team struggle right and moral choices making and discovering some new information from the lesser and different sources. Managing group clashes A trough needs the colleagues to collaborte and function as a group.. the chalenge comes in when a representative accompanies a complin concerning another emplyee. The troughs faces

Economic Paper Example

Economic Paper Example Economic Paper â€" Case Study Example > Running head: APPLE COMPANY 11th April Introduction Apple Incorporation is an American based firm that embarks on designing, production as well as selling of quality consumer electronics, personal computers as well as software. Being headquartered in California, the company which was founded by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak enjoys a competitive edge mostly due to its quality brands that are highly demanded in local and international markets. Some of the major brands that are significantly demanded include iPod media player, iPad tablet computer, iTunes media browser, iPhone smartphone and Mac computers among others. Globally, Apple Company is in the second position in the information technology in terms of revenue generation with Samsung electronics taking the first position. As the result of the company strategy to diversify its product portfolio, it has many competitors including Samsung Company, Microsoft, HP AND Acer among others. Firm and Industry structure Apple is faced with stiff competition from well established firms in an industry that is costly to enter. In this regard, the company is not able to entirely control the price in the market. On one hand, Apple operates in an oligopoly market structure. One of the major aspects of an oligopoly market structure is that it is under the control of small number of competitors. Being referred to as the oligopolists, firms in an oligopoly market structure are well established and have a strong influence in the market due to the fact that there are barriers to entry due to the high costs. The company oligopoly market structure falls in the Smartphone’s operating systems that includes Windows phone a product of Microsoft, Apple’s iOS and Android a brand produced by Google (Gil and William, 1999). On the other hand, Apple experiences a monopolistic competition as far as branded computers are concerned. In monopolistic market structure, there are many competitors. Major companies that com pete with Macbook and iMac, key Apple branded computers includes Dell, Acer, Toshiba and Asus. Nevertheless, Apple is more of an oligopoly firm rather than a monopolistic firm. One of the major aspects that make Apple to enjoy high revenue is due to the production of quality brands that meet immediate needs of the consumers globally. Strong brand loyalty in the international market has made the company to differentiate itself from the competitors. Additionally, the company has wide range of products that are highly demanded thus resulting to high sales and sustainable profitability. Recommendation As the result of the stiff competition in the information technology industry especially in the US market, my view is that Apple should come up with products that are of high quality but lower prices and introduce them in the developing economies. Based on the increased demand of computers and mobile especially in African market, Apple should utilize such an opportunity and produce brands that will suits the need of this market which is characterized by low incomes but many opportunities. To make the company more successful, I would also suggest that Apple should acquire more firms in the information technology industry in order to improve its marketing strategies as well as capital base. This will not only increase the company revenue through expanding market segment, but also it will make the company to have more funds to undertake more innovations. References Gil, A and William L. (1999). On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple. New York: Macmillan Publishers.

Critical Success Factors for Small Business Enterprises in...

The overall objective of this research is to study which the critical success factors that are necessary for achieving success for a small business in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Small Business Enterprise or Small-Medium Enterprise (SME), in todays business environment, faces a lot of daily major challenges. Balancing the SME’s effort to address these challenges can be an intimidating task, unless a systematic approach is identified and followed. Recently, SMEs started moving towards the utilization of business success which enables SMEs to learn how to continuously improve the utilization of resources to achieve better productivity and performance. Therefore, critical success factors are the quantifiable aspects of the fundamental†¦show more content†¦But, due to the changing in business environment it is important to focus on corporate success in order to be competitive in this environment. A number of success factors researches shows that the most important factors contributing to success are businesss management systems and practices (Lussier, 1995), (Strischek, 1998). Some other factors leading to business success addressed in the research are implementation of accounting systems and regular review of financial statements (Gerstel, 1991), control of job-site safety (Gordon, 1997), and ongoing training and education (Bednarz, 1997). In the Hutchings and Christofferson study (Christofferson Hutchings, 2001), carried out among small-volume residential firms in the United States, the most important factors to business success were identified as quality workmanship, honesty, having good subcontractors, customer communications, reputation, having good employees, and completing projects on time, respectively. In a survey carried out among Germanys firms, the most important success factors were found as employee development, effective risk management, innovation, partnershi ps with customers, and lean organizational structure (Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 2004). The use of critical success factors has covered several SMEs during the last decade. The scope of the small business may differ, but theShow MoreRelatedRisk Assessment And Action Plan1646 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry plagued with risk is a difficult task. However, identifying and managing risk is crucial in the capital intensive energy industry. Effective risk management leads to increased revenues, decreased costs and capital, and can propel a business to success. The information outlined will offer a discussion of how to identify and mange areas of risk and additionally, detail a process flow for successful implementation. 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To bridge the gap project managers need to be tactful, flexible and shall avoid bureaucracy. For International Project Management to be successful a project manager and his clients should understand that different types of situations require variations in the basic principles. The challenge for most enterprises as they move towards a globalRead MoreOld Town White Coffee 15103 Words   |  21 PagesExecutive Summary The most striking trend in business today is the growing internationalization of markets worldwide. This is true for everything from airlines to automobiles, banking to burgers. Moving into International markets opens up new opportunities throughout the world for expansion and growth. Before deciding whether to operate internationally, a company must understand the international marketing environment. The international marketer must study the unique Economic, political-legal, technological

Cmo llenar bien la planilla DS-261 para green card

En la tramitacià ³n de las tarjetas de residencia que se hacen a travà ©s del Centro Nacional de visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), la planilla DS-261 sirve para designar agente con el que la administracià ³n se va a comunicar. En este mismo formulario DS-261 tambià ©n se designa la direccià ³n de dicho agente, es decir, al lugar donde el NVC enviarà ¡ las comunicaciones.   En este artà ­culo se explica cuà ¡ndo procede este formulario y en que casos no es necesario. Asimismo, quà © personas pueden ser nombradas como agentes. Tambià ©n se dan importantes consejos sobre como llenarlo y en quà © momento se debe enviar y adà ³nde. Cuà ¡ndo se debe completar el DS-261 Primero hay que esperar a recibir notificacià ³n de que la solicitud de peticià ³n de green card ha sido aprobada, lo cual ya se comunicà ³ mediante el documento conocido como NOA2. Ademà ¡s, es necesario esperar a que llegue la fecha de prioridad en todos los casos de peticiones de green card dentro de categorà ­as sujetos a mà ¡ximos por aà ±o fiscal. En estos casos lo aconsejable es consultar todos los meses el Boletà ­n de Visas que publica el Departamento de Estado. Quià ©n puede ser designado como agente La ley permite varias opciones, como por ejemplo, el beneficiario para el que se solicita la tarjeta de residencia, el solicitante, un abogado o incluso un familiar o amigo de confianza. Cuà ¡ndo no es necesario designar a un agente   En 3 casos no es necesario: En primer lugar, en los casos de tarjeta de residencia por adopcià ³n. En segundo lugar, en los casos de peticià ³n para uno mismo. Destacar que esos casos son la excepcià ³n, ya   que en la mayorà ­a de los casos las peticiones las realiza un solicitante que puede ser una empresa o un familiar y a favor de un beneficiario.   Y en tercer lugar, cuando se tiene un abogado que ya envià ³ al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) el formulario G-28, en el que aparece como agente. Cà ³mo llenar la planilla DS-261  (en inglà ©s Choice of Address and Agent) Se llena electrà ³nicamente, para ello  ir a la pà ¡gina de internet del Departamento de Estado. Estos son los pasos a seguir: En la là ­nea justo encima de donde pone (Last Name) escribir el apellido (o apellidos)Donde pone (First Name) corresponde el nombre de pilaDonde pone (MI) escribir la inicial del segundo nombre, si se tiene.Por ejemplo, una persona que se llama  Carolina Elvira Và ¡zquez Fernà ¡ndez tendrà ­a que escribir Và ¡zquez Fernà ¡ndez   Carolina   E. A continuacià ³n hay cuatro opciones y se  pide que marcar  con una x el cuadradito lo que corresponda al caso. Asà ­: En primer lugar, si se quiere que un abogado o un agente reciba todas las comunicaciones relativas a tu caso, marca la primera opcià ³n, que comienza con las palabras I Appoint. Si esta es la  opcià ³n debe escribirse su nombre completo (name of the person), su nà ºmero de telà ©fono (telephone number), su direccià ³n (street address), su direccià ³n de correo electrà ³nico (email address), su ciudad (city), estado o provincia (state/province), el cà ³digo postal (postal code) y el paà ­s (country). Este abogado o agente puede estar en Estados Unidos o en el extranjero. En segundo lugar, si se quiere  que otra persona que no es el abogado reciba las comunicaciones sobre el caso, entonces marcar con una x la segunda opcià ³n, que es la que empieza con las palabras I do not appoint. En este caso se puede elegir la direccià ³n del solicitante, beneficiario, amigo o familiar. La que resulte mà ¡s conveniente sobre todo pensando en cuà ¡l tiene un servicio de correos mà ¡s confiable y quià ©n no piensa mudarse en los siguientes meses.   Donde pone street address hay la opcià ³n de incluir in care of. Esto es porque toda la correspondencia se va a enviar a  nombre del beneficiaroi, pero si en el buzà ³n està ¡ el nombre de otra persona, debe incluirse la expresià ³n de In care of y el nombre de esa persona.   En tercer lugar, si ya se ha  recibido tu tarjeta de residencia, por la razà ³n que sea, entonces marcar la tercera opcià ³n, que comienza con I have already legally immigrated to the U.S. Si ese es el caso, incluir el nà ºmero de Alien Registration Number. Por à ºtimo, si ya no se desea emigrar a Estados Unidos, marcar la opcià ³n cuarta, la que dice: I no longer wish to apply for an immigrant visa. Finalmente, firma y fecha el documento, poniendo el mes, dà ­a y aà ±o, en ese orden. Si no se envà ­a el formulario DS-261 en el plazo de 1 aà ±o, el NVC entiende que se ha abandonado la peticià ³n. Consejos a tener en cuenta al completar el formulario En primer lugar, destacar que imprescindible completar el formulario en el idioma inglà ©s. Ademà ¡s, no se pueden utilizar signos o letras que no existen en esa lengua, por ejemplo, la  ¨Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ¨. Tambià ©n es importante decir que es importante guardar cada poco el formulario segà ºn se va completando, para ello hacer click en la opcià ³n de Save. Si durante mà ¡s de 20 minutos no se està ¡ activo en la pà ¡gina, el sistema se desconecta automà ¡ticamente, perdià ©ndose todo lo que no haya sido expresamente guardado. Por à ºltimo, mencionar que mentir en un documento migratorio se considera un fraude de ley. Y, si es descubierto, tiene importantes consecuencias para este trà ¡mite y cualquier otro.  ¿Dà ³nde se tiene que enviar el formulario DS-261? Darle a submit. Es posible  comunicarse con el Centro Nacional de Visas, si fuera necesario. La à ºnica excepcià ³n son los casos de tarjetas de residencia que se han obtenido al ganar el sorteo de la loterà ­a de visas de la diversidad. En estos casos, comunicarse con el KCC.  ¿Quà © pasa a continuacià ³n? Una vez que el NVC recibe la planilla DS-261, enviarà ¡ a la direccià ³n que se le dijo en esa planilla una factura para procesar la visa de inmigrante para el esposo que vive fuera de Estados Unidos.   Una vez que se recibe el pago, se recibirà ¡n mà ¡s instrucciones sobre los documentos a enviar y planillas a llenar y que hay que enviar al NVC como, por ejemplo, la declaracià ³n de sostenimiento econà ³mico, tambià ©n conocido en inglà ©s como affidavit of support. Finalmente se desarrollarà ¡ una entrevista en un consulado o embajada de los Estados Unidos. Ahà ­ se decidirà ¡ si se aprueba la visa de inmigrante, que puede negarse por mà ºltiples causas. Si se aprueba, se puede ingresar a Estados Unidos en los siguientes seis meses. El paso por el control migratorio convertirà ¡ la visa de inmigrante en una tarjeta de residencia, es decir, la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Lenny’s Monologue Free Essays

Lennie’s Monologue: It’s them sycamores I remember. An’ the river, runnin’ deep and green, tinkling jus’ like the way Aunt Clara’s house keys used to when she was out on the porch about to unlock the front door. I’d hide my mouse in my pocket whene’er I heard them jinglin’ keys, because Aunt Clara ne’er liked ’em rodents hangin’ around her house. We will write a custom essay sample on Lenny’s Monologue or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was a smart boy, I really was. I see the clearing an’ I know I’ve found it, I’ve found the safe spot. George’ll come get me here before the water turns black and the sun goes down, he’s always been better at directions than me, plus he’s got an ol’ compass nicked from a farmer back in Weed. Maybe someday George’ll teach it to me. But not soon, he ain’t going to teach me no compass because he gonna be mad when he finds me. The bush is sticking into me like I’m wrapped up in barbed wire. If only I was in a softer bush, a bush made of hair maybe. Like her hair, the girl back at the ranch. She should grow it out and make a blanket for me, like Aunt Clara did with sheep wool. Except I know it ain’t gonna happen because hair don’t grow on people who don’t breathe. But I didn’t mean to do it! I jus’ wanted to touch it, I jus’ wanted to pet it like I pet my mice. I jus’ want to pet my mice†¦. The river still tinkles like ‘em keys, an’ I feel like I should hide my mouse, but I can’t this time. I can’t find me my mouse because she’s back at the ranch. She’s back there lying on the hay like one o’ those torn up beanie-dolls, the beans spillin’ outta her, prolly makin’ a mess o’ the barn. You weren’t so smart this time, Lenny, Aunt Clara couldn’t catch you but George’ll. George is cleverer than Aunt Clara, oh, George is cleverer than anyone. Soon he gonna come crashin’ inta here an’ he gonna give me hell over an’ over. He coulda’ had it so easy without me, he coulda’ gotten a nice lil’ place, maybe even a girl. I could go, I coulda gone any time. George, he don’t need me like I need him, why, he don’ need me at all. Here George comes, an’ he ain’t yellin’, why ain’t he yellin’? I like him yellin’ because that’s the only time he tells stories; not even at night when I ask him to, jus’ when he’s yellin’. I know George. I know he can make me feel as worthless as an empty can o’ tuna sometimes, but ever’ time he’ll tell me he needs me; he gonna tell me that I need him, and he needs me. An’ in the end, he does, he does need me because I’m the only one who gives a hoot in hell about ‘im. Thas’ right Lenny, you ain’t useless, George needs you. He says he’s not mad, he wants you to know that he ain’t ever been mad ‘bout you. He ain’t lettin’ you leave him because we gonna get a little place. He says we’ll have a cow, pigs and chickens, an’ he hadn’t forget about the alfalfa for my rabbits! Oh, I can see it now, I can see it right across the river! George promises that ever’body gonna be nice to me. There ain’t gonna be no more trouble, oh, George, can we go there now. I jus’ don’t want no more trouble. I jus’ want it to be me and him, him and me, George and Lenny, Lenny and George, the way it always is. An’ I’ll work harder than I ever worked before, I promise. Why, I’ll work all day and all night, an’ I’ll have the strength because we’ll have all the bread and milk we want. Nobody gonna kick us out because it gonna be OUR ranch. Guys like us got no fambly. They usually make a little stake an’ then they blow it in. They ain’t got nobody in the worl’ that gives a hoot in hell about ‘em. But not us. Because I got you, George, an’ you got me. Messages from the book: 1. The Great Depression made life REALLY hard. 2. The American Dream is still what propels everyone forward, in the book it’s George and Lennie’s vision of their own ranch. 3. Racism is still prominent. 4. Sexism is also still prominent. 5. It is called Of Mice and Men because in the Great Depression there is nothing difference between mice and men, everything is all equally fragile, that everyone is in the same boat, making us feel for these characters. How to cite Lenny’s Monologue, Essay examples

Kates soliloquy bring about a joyous conclusion t Essay Example For Students

Kates soliloquy bring about a joyous conclusion t Essay o The Taming of the Shrew. Theaudience leaves the theatre with a pleasant feeling, glad that such a shrew could be tamedso well. Kate herself realised the error of her ways, making the men feel confident whilemaking the women feel safe. Moreover, the audience found the speech to be very soundand sensible, as the views expressed in the play were extremely popular at that point intime. Kate, in realising her iniquitous ways, made the men feel extremely confident oftheir status in Elizabethan society, and effectively reinforced their beliefs about their ownstrength. Also, Shakespeare succeeds in creating a feeling of safety for the femaleaudience, as well as in making them feel as through they are accepted for their kindnessto men, and in the norm. Women, not having a strong role in society at that time,enjoyed receiving praise and encouragement for their purpose in society. Furthermore,they felt vindicated as Kate solemnly insulted the disobedient women (Bianca and theWidow), telling them to Come, come, you froward and unable worms!. It may also besaid that this play, as well as similar plays of the Elizabethan era, assisted in contributingto the oppression of females in society for an innumerable amount of years. After the conclusion of The Taming of the Shrew, including Kates soliloquy, theaudience is left with a proud feeling proud of the fact that Petruchio tamed such a shrewso well. The men of the audience are about with feeling of satisfaction and justification. Shakespeare skillfully catered towards both sexes by using Petruchio much like thestereotypical action figure of today; a character who does the unbelievable effortlesslyand leaves the audience in awe. In the play Petruchio, short after the inception of hisskillful wooing, begins a plan to kill a wife with kindness. Craftily he gives her anything that she pleases, only to swipe it away when he finds a flawin the item. he also resorts to keeping Kate as a prisoner in his home, until she slowlybecomes subservient and submissive to him. Petruchio deftly puts all on the line with hiswager, And he whose wife is most obedient Shall win the wager which we willpropose. Kates soliloquy serves as final, unarguable proof of Petruchios grand victoryand creates a cheerful mood throughout the audience. Shakespeare, as a playwright during the Elizabethan era, had the difficult task ofwriting plays which reflected the moral values of that time period, in addition to writingthem with humor and wit. With all of the unorthodox events in the centre of the play, theending is wrapped up very well; in a way that makes the audience feel very satisfied. theaudience found Kates soliloquy very sound and sensible; likewise, they discovered Kateherself to be quite the same. For instance the statement, Thy husband is thy lord, thylife, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign; from Kates soliloquy made it obvious tothe audience that Kate had become a much better woman, according to the standards ofthe Elizabethan era. In conclusion, Kates soliloquy was most likely found by the audience to beextremely sound and sensible. Also, Kate herself realised the error of her ways, makingthe women feel sheltered and making the men feel self assured about their dominantposition in society. The audience presumable went home contented, because such ashrew was tamed, and could be tamed so well. Kates soliloquy reinforced the moralvalues of the Elizabethan era, making the conclusion of the play more enjoyable andentertaining.

Racism In Heart Of Darkness Essays - Chinua Achebe,

Racism in Heart of Darkness Racism in Heart of Darkness Chinua Achebe, a well-known writer, once gave a lecture at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, entitled "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness." Throughout his essay, Achebe notes how Conrad used Africa as a background only, and how he "set Africa up as a foil to Europe,"(Achebe, p.251) while he also "projects the image of Africa as 'the other world,' the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization."(Achebe, p.252) By his own interpretations of the text, Achebe shows that Conrad eliminates"the African as a human factor," thereby "reducing Africa to the role of props."(Achebe, p.257) In supporting these accusations against Conrad, Achebe cites specific examples from the text, while also, pointing out that there is a lack of certain characteristics among the characters. Achebe then compares the descriptions of the Intended and the native woman. Explaining that the savage "fulfills a structural requirement of the story: a savage counterpart to the refined European woman," and also that the biggest "difference is the one implied in the author's bestowal of human expression to the one and the withholding of it from the other."(Achebe, p.255) This lack of human expression and human characteristics is what Achebe says contributes to the overflowing amount of racism within Conrad's novella. Human expression, is one of few things that make us different from animals, along with such things as communication and reason. This of course, being that without human expression, the native woman is considered more of a "savage...wild-eyed and magnificent," (Achebe quoting Conrad, p. 255), possibly even "bestial." In an attempt to refute Achebe's proposed difference between the two women, C.P. Sarvan said that Conrad perceived the native woman as a "gorgeous, proud, superb, magnificent, terrific, [and] fierce" person whose "human feelings [were] not denied."(Sarvan, p. 284) In comparing the two views, one must step back and consider that both views are only interpretations on what Conrad may have intended. Since no one can ever really know what his actual meanings were for these two women being so similar (in their movements), and yet so different (in their character), only individual explanation can be brought up. This in particular, is what brings me to question both Achebe and Sarvan's points. By reorganizing Conrad's descriptive words, Sarvan was able to propose that Conrad did not intend for the mistress to be perceived as the "savage counterpart."(Achebe, p. 255) Yet, at the same time, both Sarvan and Achebe each write about what they think to be the right thing. It seems to me that Achebe was looking for racism in this short novel, and that Sarvan was so taken back by Achebe's accusations, that he himself, went and looked for ways to defend Conrad. However, this particular shortcoming of the native woman, is not the only one that Achebe finds. As stated earlier, communication is very important in our society and to "civilization" (as known by the Europeans of the time). While reading Heart of Darkness, I noticed a significant difference in the levels of communication that were allotted between the Europeans and the Africans. This drastic difference in speech was at the core of Achebe's argument that Conrad deprived the Africans of human qualities. Achebe pointed out that "in place of speech they made 'a violent babble of uncouth sounds,'" also saying that "it is clearly not of Conrad's purpose to confer language on the 'rudimentary souls' of Africa." (Achebe, p. 255) Here lies the problem that I have with Achebe's article. Assuming that the lack of speech (in Conrad's eyes) is a racist factor--which is a valid assumption--Achebe still did not support his comment that "Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist."(Achebe, p. 257) Without outside knowledge (beyond the book), Achebe had no basis to charge Conrad with this rather harsh comment. By completely agreeing with either writer, I would be denying myself the right to find my own opinion regarding racism in Heart of Darkness. So, I stand now and say that depending on one's interpretation of Joseph Conrad's writing, there will be plenty of racism found (if looked for). What I do believe is that during the time that this novella was written, Conrad lived in a society where African people were not considered equal, to man, they were even considered sub-human. Not to excuse Conrad, but racism was everywhere and what came from it was people who wrote about it naturally and who did not think of a "politically correct" way to put things. If this novella had been written today, it might have

The Definition and Usage of Circumlocution

The Definition and Usage of Circumlocution Circumlocution is the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language to avoid getting to the point. Though circumlocution is usually regarded as a stylistic vice in contemporary prose, it can be used for comic effect, as in the passage below by S. J. Perelman. Examples and Observations Monty Pythons Man Who Says Things in a Roundabout WayInterviewer: Good evening. Well, we have in the studio tonight a man who says things in a very roundabout way. Isnt that so, Mr. Pudifoot?Mr. Pudifoot: Yes.Interviewer: Have you always said things in a very roundabout way?Mr. Pudifoot: Yes.Interviewer: Well, I cant help noticing that, for someone who claims to say things in a very roundabout way, your last two answers have had very little of the discursive quality about them.Mr. Pudifoot: Oh, well, Im not very talkative today. Its a form of defensive response to intense interrogative stimuli. I used to get it badly when I was a boy- well, when I say very badly, in fact, do you remember when there was that fashion for, you know, little poodles with small coats.Interviewer: Ah, now youre beginning to talk in a roundabout way.Mr. Pudifoot: Oh, Im sorry.Interviewer: No, no, no, no. Please do carry on because that is in fact why we wanted you on the show.Mr. Pudifoot: I thought it was b ecause you were interested in me as a human being. (gets up and leaves)(Terry Jones and Graham Chapman, Royal Episode 13: The Toad Elevating Moment. Monty Pythons Flying Circus, Dec. 22, 1970) Fed-Speak: The Circumlocutory Federal Reserve Chairman- [Federal Reserve Chairman Alan] Greenspan went on to suggest raising the retirement age, though he slipped it in using his customary circumlocution: Another possible adjustment relates to the age at which Social Security and Medicare benefits will be provided. Under current law, and even with the so-called normal retirement age for Social Security slated to move up to 67 over the next two decades, the ratio of the number of years that the typical worker will spend in retirement to the number of years he or she works will rise in the long term. In other words people are just living too long.(Dan Ackman, The Passion Of The Fed Chairman. Forbes, Feb. 26, 2004)- As Fed chairman, every time I expressed a view, I added or subtracted 10 basis points from the credit market. That was not helpful. But I nonetheless had to testify before Congress. On questions that were too market-sensitive to answer, no comment was indeed an answer. And s o you construct what we used to call Fed-speak. I would hypothetically think of a little plate in front of my eyes, which was the Washington Post, the following morning’s headline, and I would catch myself in the middle of a sentence. Then, instead of just stopping, I would continue on resolving the sentence in some obscure way which made it incomprehensible. But nobody was quite sure I wasn’t saying something profound when I wasn’t. And that became the so-called Fed-speak which I became an expert on over the years. It’s a self-protection mechanism when you’re in an environment where people are shooting questions at you, and you’ve got to be very careful about the nuances of what you’re going to say and what you don’t say.(Alan Greenspan, quoted by Devin Leonard and Peter Coy. Bloomberg Businessweek, August 13-26, 2012) The Circumlocution OfficeNo public business of any kind could possibly be done at any time without the acquiescence of the Circumlocution Office. Whatever was required to be done, the Circumlocution Office was beforehand with all the public departments in the art of perceiving- HOW NOT TO DO IT.(Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, 1856)Perelmans ProseIn two shakes of a lambs tail- the official signal for aircraft to land in Palm Springs- the plane had landed and a flourish of trumpets greeted its three passengers, two of whom were familiar to any bystander. They were the renowned vedette Elizabeth Taylor and her producer husband, Mike Todd. The third, who bore more than a passing resemblance to the Apollo Belvedere but could not be said, in all justice, to rank with him in intellect, was the present writer. His chief distinction- if one may borrow G.K. Chestertons facility with paradox for a moment- was that he possessed no distinction whatsoever. What startling conjunction of the planet s, what mysterious and inexplicable forces of the I Ching had mingled the destiny of this utter cipher with that of these eminent face cards?(S. J. Perelman, The Hindsight Saga. The Last Laugh, 1981) Iranian CircumlocutionsMr. Ahmadinejads habit of answering every question about Iranian policy with a question about American policy was clearly wearing on some of the members, but at the end they acknowledged that he was about as skillful an interlocutor as they had ever encountered. He is a master of counterpunch, deception, circumlocution, Mr. Scowcroft said, shaking his head. Mr. Blackwill emerged from the conversation wondering how the United States would ever be able to negotiate with this Iranian government.(David Sanger, Irans Leader Relishes 2nd Chance to Make Waves. The New York Times, Sep. 21, 2006)Circumlocution as a First StepWe often take circumlocution as evasion, it neednt be. It might be a first step, a first form, triangulation: talk around something long enough and you can divine its center. Circumlocution. Perigraphs. I am going somewhere.(Kevin McFadden, Hardscrabble. University of Georgia Press, 2008)

Extra credit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extra credit - Assignment Example That is happened because of number social, ethical, moral and legislative problems that are connected with the discussed process. The dimension of social problems is connected with the relatives and friends of a patient who desired to die. The matter is that close people of a patient do not always share his/her decision and attack doctor with the reproaches of poor treatment or bad medication. That is considered to be a situation of emotional tension that is not pleasant for both health care professionals and patient’s close people. It is important to mention that the ethical issue is regarded as highly difficult and ambiguous for the physician particularly. It is admitted that health care professional are in need to perform everything possible for the health and comfort of a patient (Pozgar, 2013). In the situation when a patient desired to make the assisted suicide the role of performer comes to the doctor. He/she is considered to be a person who takes the life of the other person. The problem of quality of life stays as an important issue in front of the health care professional. Ethic is closely connected with the moral side of the discussed issue. Helping a sick person with no chance for a normal life is on one side, while becoming a ‘murder’ is on the other side. Such ambiguity makes the situation difficult and unpleasant from the point of view of ethics and moral. The last but not the least is the problem that is connected with the legal aspect of the assisted suicide. It should be admitted that the norms and regulations of this procedure is registered by the government and public law (Pozgar, 2013). What is important is that â€Å"the legislative and executive branches in our system are uniquely well equipped to pursue these issues† (Pozgar, 2012). It is relevant to follow all the regulations that are predetermined by law for the sake to avoid troubles with law. The matter is that

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Discussion - Essay Example Human beings respond to fire cues differently depending upon the situation and previous exposure. Most of the time the immediate response is failure to recognize the cue. Cues can come in different forms; visual, audio and olfactory cues. These cues instigate different behavioural response. There are also other cues in the form of surround energy, change in the atmospheric temperature and the like that also compete for human response. Exploring human response in terms of visual cues shows that people underestimate the implication of visual cues like flashing of light through various visual notification appliances. The first reaction is ignorance and the second is confusion because in case of too much smoke the human movement is paralysed. ‘The importance of smoke as a serious cue to be attended and the menace to survival from which one has to stay out as much as possible needs to be reinforced in the general public.’ (Ploug, Hasle & Oinas-kukkonen, 2010) In terms of the olfactory cues, the human response to the sense of smell is quicker in the case of fire. The olfactory cues include all smells associated with fire from smoke to the burning objects. However the audible cues take precedence over the visual and olfactory cues as in most part of the world people are familiarize with the alarm system to get them all hyped up to fight danger. Other cues also trigger human behaviour which includes the increased temperature of the surrounding and changes in the air pressure as the burning fire uses up oxygen leaving less for human consumption. The pre-movement delays also know as the evacuation initiation delays are caused due to various factors. Poor fire drills and insufficient planning to fight fire are one of the major reasons causing delay. People are not aware of the fire exists and the buildings are not efficiently designed to minimize the chaos brought about by the fire thus increasing delay and damage. ‘Stairway geometry, another configuration

Political Factors Affecting Education

Political Factors Affecting Education Education is the most important shared experienced in our lives it is so important and so all-pervasive that it is almost impossible to define. Education will not supply all the answers to the problems that beset us, either as individuals or as a nation, but if we set about it the right way, it is the best single means of promoting intellectual, moral, physical and economic wellbeing (Aldrich 1996 ). Education teaches us the joy of learning and gives us the qualifications for employment, which builds confidence and self esteem and gives us the skills and values to meet the demands of a fast changing worlds and society. (Estelle 2001 quoted in Chitty, C 2009). As education meet the demands of society so society is itself is a product of that knowledge or education which informs societal attitudes towards life and its problems, the value it attaches to the things of the world in general, the place of man in the universe in particular and the norm sets to which our thoughts and behavior must conform. The two contrasting regions of Peshawar and Khyber Agency in Pakistan have been selected for critical analysis and evaluation of the impact of varying social and political forces on the provision and type of education available in each area. Peshawar is a large city having a population of 2.9 million in 2005. The population is growing by 3.2 % annually and this growth rate is higher than most other Pakistani cities (Hayat 2006). Peshawars residents consist mainly of Pashtoon people with Hindkowans as the minority group. Languages such as Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Khowar, Dari, Hindko, Saraiki and Punjabi are spoken in Peshawar. Peshawar can be sub-divided into two distinct regions, namely the urban region, which accounts for 51.32 % of the population, and the rural area with holds the remaining 48.68 % of the population. The population had increased two fold in the previous two decades. (Gaffar 2005) .The area of Peshawar district extends from Warsak north to south Matani, a distance of over 30 miles, and 18 miles from Hayatabad east to Taro Jaba in the west. It is located at an altitude of 1138ft above sea level. Most of the citys dwellers are Muslims with some Hindus, Sikhs and Christians minorities. Historically Peshawar was the centre of the Indus civilization and home to many other communities like Bukharan Jews and Zoroastrians (Arbab 2000). The second area to be evaluated is that of Khyber Agency. Khyber Agency is a Federally Administered Tribal area of Pakistan. It encompasses an area ranging from Tirah valley to the Peshawar district. It borders Afghanistan to the East, Orakzai Agency to the north and Peshawar to the west. There are four main tribes the Mullagori, Shalmani, Shinwari and Afridi in Khyber Agency. According to 2007 estimates, Khyber Agency had a literacy rate of 34.2%. In world literacy rankings, Pakistan is listed as 160th of 177 countries, with an overall literacy rate of 49.9 %( Noreen 2008). The reason for selecting these Peshawar and Khyber Agency is that, whilst they are geographically close, they demonstrate clear differences in the type and standard of education they provide. These differences can, therefore, be usefully evaluated in terms of the social and political forces acting upon them. One such significant factor, is that Khyber agency has become a focal point for the war against terrorism which, this paper will argue, has been a dominant cause in the deterioration of the education system in that region. Before analyzing and evaluating the provision of education by the state, it is a matter to be taken in notice that high regard is accorded to education in Pakistan is enshrined in the constitution with education on the agreed legislative list of the central and provincial government. The 1973 constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the importance of education and says that the state shall: Encourage unity and observance of the Islamic moral standards Endorse with special care the educational and economic interests of backward areas. Eradicate illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education. Make technical and professional education generally available and higher education accessible to all on the basis of merit. Enable the people of different areas, through education, training, agriculture and industrial development and other methods, to participate fully in all forms of national activities including employment in the services of Pakistan. Ensure full participation of women in all the spheres of national life (National education policy 2010) In many developed countries of the world the school system has been divided into the state school and private school sectors. The commentators Adonis and Pollard have recently complained that the education system in England is based on a division between state and private (so called public ) schools with prestige and resources going mainly to the later rather then to the former (Adonis, A and Pollard S 1998). Like Great Britain, education system in Pakistan is also divided into state and private school. The existing state school systems in both Peshawar and Khyber agency are almost the same as that are provided in the rest of Pakistan. In Peshawar and Khyber agency, however, the school system has a further sub-division having state schools, private schools and madrassa schools. Private schools are considered schools for the upper classes, entry to which are generally limited to students from rich families, whilst state schools are generally for lower, middle class people. Madrassa, however, are for those children from lower class family backgrounds who do not have an access to any of the above mentioned schools for a variety of reasons; a key factor being accessibility. The students of madrassa depend solely on charities provided by the general public. In Peshawar only 4.6 million students are enrolled in the Public Sector, Private Sector and Madrassa. The remaining 2.8 million children have no access to formal education (Hussein 2007). Average dropout rates up to Matriculation level are at 38% annually. There are many factors that impact on the drop out including access problems, social and cultural issues particularly among females, poverty, ignorance, lack of financial resources,(with government and families) corporal punishment and so on. More than half of the children in Peshawar drop out of school before completing the fifth grade. On average, females remain in school for 1.3 years and males for 3.8 years. (Sohrab 2007) The education system in both areas is broadly divided into three stages namely; Primary, Secondary and Higher education. The pre school stage is introduced for children less then 5 years old and is further divided into three stages, play group, Nursery and Kinder Garden. Students progress from Primary schools to Middle schools and then High school. After completing High school (SSC), successful students progress to college, and is called Higher Secondary State Education (HSSC). After Primary Education, unisex education is the communities preferred choice but co-education does exist in Private Institution in Peshawar although not in Khyber Agency. The curriculum is usually designed by the federal curriculum bureau in Islamabad with prominent educationalists setting the objectives of the curriculum. Every province has its own text book boards who implement the curriculum made by the federal curriculum bureau. The provincial text book board has limited authority but can make some change s to the curriculum, subject to the approval of federal curriculum bureau. The provincial text book board conducts and monitors exams through different exam boards. (Iqbal 2007)The curriculum designed by the federal bureau is implemented in both private and state schools in Peshawar and Khyber Agency. O level and A level education system is employed in private sector in Peshawar. In Both private and state institutions the common subjects are Urdu, English, Maths, Social Studies, Islamyat, Computer science, and other science subjects like Chemistry, Physics and Biology. In Private schools, the medium of instruction is English whilst state schools teach in Urdu. (Majeed 2007). Secondary education teaches the boy{sic} to apply the principle he is learning, and so to learn the principles by applying them, or so to use the instruments he is being made to know, as to perform or produce something, interpret literature or a science, make a picture or a book, practice a plastic or a manual a rt, convince a jury or persuade a senate, translate or annotate an author, dye wool, weave cloth, design or construct a machine, navigate a ship or command an army (Bryce 1895). Secondary education is viewed as preparing students for entry into a career and that is why, after gaining the higher secondary school certificate (HSSC), students in both areas can appear in the entry test for professional institutions like medical and engineering colleges. Those who are unsuccessful in the entry tests follow the arts path or other science subjects. Higher education takes students up to PhD level. Since 2002, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) has been empowered to carry out assessment, improvement and promotion of higher education, research and development, devise policies, guiding principles and priorities for higher education institutions and to set down conditions under which institutions, including those that are not part of the State educational system, may be opened and operated. The mandate of HEC encompasses all degree granting universities and institutions, both in public and private sectors and supports the attainment of quality education by facilitating and co-coordinating self-assessment of academic programs and their external review by national and international experts. HEC also supervises the planning, development and accreditation of public and private sector higher education institutions. Its goal is to facilitate the educational reform process (Ghani 2006). The main distinguishing features in the provision and type of education system in each area is due to differences in the implementation of educational strategies and the number and types of educational institutions available. There are plenty of schools, colleges and universities flourishing in Peshawar but not in Khyber Agency. Indeed, in Khyber Agency there are no universities or other professional colleges at all. After graduating from secondary school, the students of Khyber Agency must move to Peshawar or other parts of Pakistan, depending on their family circumstances, if they are to continue their education. Students from Khyber Agency face an additional problem when seeking admission to the institutions in Peshawar because of their tribal domicile, as the constitution of Pakistan limits, via a fixed quota, the number of Khyber Agency residents who can be admitted to State Professional colleges. Those students who do not come in the quota system have to pay for their education in private institutions. Those who can not afford these expenses are left/remain without further education. There are number of social factors that play into the poor public provision of education in Khyber Agency. These include low level of awareness among parents, low income status, lack of administration and control, less parental involvement, less opportunity to study, parents relationship with institutions and teachers, low literacy ratio, peer rejection, regarding its outcomes and impact on household well-being. The parents in Khyber Agency often lack the necessary vision to see the benefits that education can bring to the future of their children. Further difficulties such as the non-availability of transportation, communication and health, social and family priorities, influence often negatively the educational opportunities of students. Clear differences exist in the administration of education within the two regions. The expenditure of funds and the nature and scope of educational planning has affected the education system in Khyber Agency. Poor Economic conditions is another factor that lower the literacy rate of Khyber agency to below that of Peshawar region. The persistent under-investment by successive governments in Khyber Agency has left many schools, poorly resourced and lacking in physical infrastructure. Academic institutions, with few exceptions face financial problems and constraints. Mostly Public sector schools face financial constraints due to the high burden of students in crowed institutions where facilities for students are minimal. If financially possible, parents utilize the services of private institutions to help their children get better education. Alternatively, parents may employ external/private tuition or coaching to enhance their childrens competence because, as mentioned, most state schools are overcrowded with high students numbers per class which prohibits adequate student teacher interaction. In Khyber Agency, the average income of parents prevents most families from seeking to enroll their children into the higher standard and more competitive institutions or opt for external tuition and coaching. It is generally acknowledged that the education department as a whole is the most badly administered governmental sector in Pakistan in spite of the fact that educat ion plays such a vital role in the development of any country. As mentioned earlier, the national government has never allotted the necessary resources to this department, resulting in a poor literacy rate country-wide. A structured system for funding education is necessary based on local community needs and subject to audit control at regional level. In both regions, especially in Khyber Agency, current provision is characterized by poor governance and management, a traditional way of teaching, an outdated and inflexible curriculum, lack of qualified educators, inappropriate utilization of existing infrastructure, political interference in teacher selection and infrastructure development, poor supervision and control by government, gender discrimination and a poor evaluation and assessment system, that has made the existing provision of the education system incompatible with modern education system and therefore changes must be made. Khyber Agency has been totally isolated from the main stream political system. Political activities were not allowed and people could not participate in politics till 1998.the people were given the right to vote in 1998 general elections. The political party system is still very fragile in the area and controlled by the Federal government through the governor of Khyber Pashtoon khawa. Commissioner and political agent are answerable to the governor in what is a very complicated political system. There still prevails the most hated laws called FCR (frontier crime regulation) imposed by the British in colonial times. These were the draconian rules that were imposed by British government to suppress the people of Khyber Agency. Political involvement plays a vital role in the administration and governance of education. Peshawars regional government has a long established record of political interference in the administration and control of education while Khyber Agency is being weakened daily due to the insurgency and acts of terrorism, lack of accountability and nepotism. Teachers in the areas have many serious concerns. They are generally low paid, given the prevailing economic depression, and have often been driven to desperate measures to gain a modicum of their urgent demands such as improved working conditions. It is necessary to meet these demands to ensure that teachers, as the makers of the nations, can contribute to the development of students which in turn will result in the development of nation. Education is a constitutional right of every male and female. The high level of social anxiety and low literacy rate clearly indicate the need for fundamental changes in education system; such improvements would include a single medium of instruction for text books, sufficient funding and proper implementation of strategies and plans. Due to social and political pressure the government announces special reforms for the development of education sector that also applies in these two areas. At the start of the 21st Century, the Government of Pakistan took several initiatives underlining the education sector reform. Some of these reforms are National Education Policy (1998-2010); Education Sector Reforms (ESR) (2001-06), Education for All (EFA) by 2015, Ten Years Perspective Development Plan (2001-2011), Ten Years Perspective Development Plan (2001-2011), National Commission for Human Development (NCHD), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2 005-10, and Education Millennium Development Goals.(National education policy 2010) Despite the above mentioned reforms which has been introduced by the government at various times, their positive impact has yet to reach many rural areas like that of Khyber Agency. As a consequence these areas have become breeding grounds for terrorism which will not only endanger Pakistan but will export terrorism to other countries of the world and thus endangering the whole world. The following recommendations, if properly implemented could improve the currant education system in both regions but particularly in Khyber agency. The existing system of education needs to be thoroughly scrutinized and audited to ensure transparency in order to address poor governance and management issues. A specialized Management Centre in Elementary and Secondary Education Department to provide accountability and proper training without nepotism and bias should be introduced. There is a need to empowering school heads to ensure they are free from political interference and control. A separate commission in the style of the public service commission could make appointments and standardize all grades. Maximum administrative and financial autonomy needs to be devolved down to school level with accountability of the school heads to community level. This make the monitoring and evaluation process more efficient and effective and new technology could be devised for the process. A revolutionary emphasis on education, social and economic development is critical in order to lay the foundations for educational development and poverty reduction in both of these areas. Without social and economic development, change cannot occur, as change never occurs in a vacuum. Private partnerships are critical for capitalizing upon social and other stakeholder such as NGOs, voluntary organizations, general public and private sectors. All stakeholders could be subject to regulatory mechanisms to ensure effective education development in both Peshawar and Khyber Agency. In both the regions rigid and hard line behavior has breed a biased and inflexible system allowing no space for students analytical thinking. This also prevents the development of life long skills that prepare students to face challenges in their daily life by exercising problem solving skills. In order to address these drawbacks the design of the curriculum should be based upon native, behavioral, unbiased and scientific research so that concepts taught should be made vertically and horizontally clear and should incorporate local, regional and global values of democracy, secularism, federalism, broadmindedness and non-violence. Finally to improve the education system in these areas education could be alignment with market demands, a uniform medium of instruction, the strengthening of the science facilities, Knowledge Park, Science and Technology Park should be established in both regions to impart standards through robust control and administrative techniques. All these efforts will help to improve the standard of education by replacing traditional modes of instruction with the use of technologies and productive work and problem solving skills will take the place of routine types of activities which will in turn help develop a knowledge based economy that responds to the needs of the people in a sustainable manner.

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay

The term ‘classical economists’ was firstly used by Karl Marx to describe economic thought of Ricardo and his predecessors including Adam Smith. However, by ‘classical economists’, Keynes meant the followers of David Ricardo including John Stuart Mill, Alfred Marshal and Pigou. According to Keynes, the term ‘classical economics’ refers to the traditional or orthodox principles of economics, which had come to be accepted, by and large, by the well known economists by then. Being the follower of Marshal, Keynes had himself accepted and taught these classical principles. But he repudiated the doctrine of laissez-faire. The two broad features of classical theory of employment were: (a) The assumption of full employment of labour and other productive resources, and (b) The flexibility of prices and wages to bring about the full employment (a) Full employment:- According to classical economists, the labour and the other resources are always fully employed. Moreover, the general over-production and general unemployment are assumed to be impossible. If there is any unemployment in the country, it is assumed to be temporary or abnormal. According to classical views of employment, the unemployment cannot be persisted for a long time, and there is always a tendency of full employment in the country. (b) Flexibility of prices and wages:- The second assumption of full employment theory is the flexibility of prices and wages. It is the flexibility of prices and wages which automatically brings about full employment. If there is general over-production resulting in depression and unemployment, prices would fall as a result of which demand would increase, prices would rise and productive activity will be stimulated and unemployment would tend to disappear. Similarly, the unemployment could be cured by cutting down wages which would increase the demand for labour and would stimulate activity. Thus, if the prices and wages are allowed to move freely, unemployment would disappear and full employment level would be restored. Say’s Law:- 1. Say’s Law is the foundation of classical economics. Assumption of full employment as a normal condition of a free market economy is justified by classical economists by a law known as ‘Say’s Law of Markets’. 2. It was the theory on the basis of which classical economists thought that general over-production and general unemployment are not possible. . According to the French economist J. B. Say, supply creates its own demand. According to him, it is production which creates market for goods. More of production, more of creating demand for other goods. There can be no problem of over-production. 4. Say denies the possibility of the deficiency of aggregate demand. 5. The c onceived Say’s Law describes an important fact about the working of free-exchange of economy that the main source of demand is the sum of incomes earned by the various productive factors from the process of production itself. A new productive process, by paying out income to its employed factors, generates demand at the same time that it adds to supply. It is thus production which creates market for goods, or supply creates its own demand not only at the same time but also to an equal extent. 6. According to Say, the aggregate supply of commodities in the economy would be exactly equal to aggregate demand. If there is any deficiency in the demand, it would be temporary and it would be ultimately equal to aggregate supply. Therefore, the employment of more resources will always be profitable and will take to the point of full employment. 7. According to Say’s Law, there will always be a sufficient rate of total spending so as to keep all resources fully employed. Most of the income is spent on consumer goods and a par of it is saved. 8. The classical economists are of the view that all the savings are spent automatically on investment goods. Savings and investments are interchangeable words and are equal to each other. 9. Since saving is another form of spending, according to classical theory, all income is spent partly for consumption and partly for investment. 10. If there is any gap between saving and investment, the rate of interest brings about equality between the two. Basic Assumptions of Say’s Law:- (a) Perfectly competitive market and free exchange economy. (b) Free flow of money incomes. All the savings must be immediately invested and all the income must be immediately spent. (c) Savings are equal to investment and equality must bring about by flexible interest rate. (d) No intervention of government in market operations, i. e. , a laissez faire economy, and there is no government expenditure, taxation and subsidies. (e) Market size is limited by the volume of production and aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. (f) It is a closed economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world’s economy can decline. The depression originated in the U. S. , starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929. From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. Unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in General Theory of Employment Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes’ basic idea was simple: to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and/or cutting taxes. Criticism of Keynes on Classical Theory:- The law of J.B Say was finally falsified and laid to rest with the writings of Lord J.M. Keynes. He in his book, General Theory, has severally citicized the Say’s La on the following grounds. †¢ Posibility of defficiency of affective demand:- He says that in a compatative market it is not necessory that all income earned is automatically spend on cosumption and investment. A part of Income may be saved and may go to increase individual holdings. There may, thus appear a deficiency in aggregate demand causing overproduction and unemployment in the country. †¢ Pigou’s view on wage cuts:- Keynes criticized the view that a general cut in real wages in times of depression is a cure for unemployment. Keynes is of the view that a general cut in real wages may reduce the aggrigate demand for goods and deepen depression. †¢ Saving investment equality:- The Say’s Law assumes that micro economic analysis can profitably by by applied to the economy as a whole. Keynes rejects this view and says that for the explanation of the general theory of income and employment, the macro economic analysis is required. †¢ Saving investment equality:- Keynes was never convinced of the classical version that interest elasticity can equate savings ad investment. According to him, It is the income not the rate of interest which is the equilibrium force between saving and investment. †¢ Monopoly element:- Say’s Law assumes perfect competition in the economy. Keynes says It is the imperfect completion which in practice prevails in the product and factor market. †¢ Role of Trade unions:- In the contemporary capitalistic world, The trade unions bargain with the employers for the fixation of wages. The state also fixes minimum wages in certain industries. †¢ Short run economics:- Keynes says that, the lenth of long run is not clear in Say’s law. Keynes Theory Of Income And Employment John Maynard Keynes wrote his esteemed book â€Å"General Theory of Employment† in 1936. Keynes has strongly criticised the classical theory in his book. His theory of employment is widely accepted by modern economists. Keynesian economics is also known as ‘new economics’ and ‘economic revolution’. Definition:- â€Å"In short period, level of national income and so of employment is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the country.† â€Å"Volume of employment depends on the level of national income and output. Increase in national income means increase in employment† The equilibrium of national income occurs where aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. This equilibrium is also called effective demand point.

Employee Relations HND 2013 Assignment 2 Essay

It is a very common thing in the workplace for people to not be satisfied, being it either the employer or the employee; this could be in regard to the needs, values and interests in general. It takes many forms in organizations and there is always an unavoidable clash between formal authority and the groups affected. The list of reasons are limitless but some are disputes over how revenue is divided, how work must be performed, how much time one is allocated to work, etc. A lot of disagreements among individuals, departments and between unions and managements result to jurisdictional matters. Why Does Conflict Occur? There are many reasons and some can be; Expectations, Different Knowledge, Fear, Poor Communication, Attachment, Incompatible Values, Stress, Past Trauma, Scarce Resources, Different Paradigms, Misunderstanding, Perceived Oppression and many more reasons. The types of conflicts are Substantive Conflicts (Technical Conflicts) and Emotional Conflicts (Interpersonal Conflicts) that can occur being it within two or more individuals, two or more groups or between individuals and groups as well. Conflicts between Individuals; Interpersonal Conflicts take place due to several factors, most commonly they are due to personal dislikes or personality differences. Taking into consideration differences of opinion between individuals regarding task related issues, it can be labeled as technical conflict rather than interpersonal conflict. However technical and interpersonal conflicts can influence each other due to role-related stress. Conflicts between Individuals and Groups; These sorts of intra-group conflicts mainly arise due to an individual’s incapability to follow group rules and regulations. An example would be when groups have an idea of a ‘Fair day’s work’ and may pressurize an individual or punish him/her in regard to the rules of the groups productivity he/she could result with conflict towards the group and other individuals. There are various levels of conflicts that are classified like this: Intrapersonal Conflicts that involve: Pressures from incompatible goals Approach-Approach Conflict Avoidance –Avoidance Conflict Approach – Avoidance Conflict Interpersonal Conflicts: Occurs between two or more individuals who are against each other. Intergroup Conflicts: Occurs amongst members of different groups or teams. Interorganizational Conflicts: Occurs due to competition and rivalry of firms operating in the same markets. Occurs between Organizations and Unions employing their members. Occurs between government monitoring organizations and organizations regarding their scrutiny. Occurs between Organizations and Companies who supply raw materials. Functional/Constructive Conflicts: This results in positive attributes to an individual, a company or groups. The likely effects are: Important problems are revealed so they can be discussed. Causes an important discussion and evaluation of decisions. Causes re-considerable decisions. Increases the amount of information available for making decisions. Permits room for creativity Dysfunctional/Destructive Conflicts: These result in negative attributes and are a downside to individuals, a company or groups. The likely effects are: It diverts energy into negative things. Destroys the unity of groups. Encourages interpersonal conflicts. Overall it destroys the environment for employees. Culture and Conflict: There is usually a chance for conflict to be high when: People from short-term cultures are working with people from long-term cultures. People from individualistic cultures work with people from collectivist cultures. People from high-power distance cultures work with people from low-power distance cultures. Resolving Conflict: Some people believe the best way to resolve conflict is to ignore it or to vote which only suppresses the true problem without confronting and resolving it. These are some of the ways to resolve conflict effectively; Discuss or Debate, open communication, learn to compromise or reach an agreement, However the way organizations manage conflicts as of today are quite different and yet effective. They use conflict resolution, this is used: In a situation that the original reasons for a given destructive conflict are eradicated. Effective conflict resolution begins with an analysis of the stage where the conflict has reached and understanding the reason behind the conflict. Stages Of Conflict: Conflict History, Prioritize the circumstances for conflict. Conflict Precursors, Note down the circumstances for conflict. Perceived Conflict, Functional or emotional variations are identified. Felt Conflict, Stress generates incentive to act. Manifest Conflict, Resolving the Conflict. Conflict Outcome. Question 2: I will be using a conflict issue that was found at Radiant Montessori Nursery, Abu Dhabi during the year 2011. (http://www.rmn4me.com/) During the time since the nursery had been set up there were a lot of disputes over finding drivers who would be safe, efficient and loyal, The owners had various disputes regarding finding suitable drivers and from where they would find them. One owner suggested a driver who apparently was a relation of his friend. This conflict of interest led to many problems and disputes within the company and was eventually solved but even doing so it tarnished the owner’s reputation and business. The driver appeared to be a very trustworthy and loyal person and was always on his best behavior whenever the owners were around, later on they started receiving various speeding tickets on the Montessori van, it was found to be at 3-4a.m, no nursery is open at these times and it was later proven that the driver had been running his own routes along the city after office hours, when confronted he started absconding and was not being reasonable or trying to negotiate with the owners, he was in direct violation of his job permit and as well as his visa, Even then he was given chances because of the conflict of interest in him by the owner , therefore later on he was jailed by the police for misusing school property and the owner was charged a heavy fine. The manner in which the conflict was resolved was not a good manner and if the owners had sought to other measures and planned everything properly it wouldn’t have reached this stage. Question 3: Judging by the case study shown, the stage of which the case is by the time it reaches negotiation stage it is less likely to be solved, the positions are most likely fixed as to who is what and the relationship is not redeemable after all the disciplinary action and demands from each other. Petunia might think that she is the successor over the issue but judging from the company’s point of view it was a loss, not just by losing Lerato, by the costs put in for the hearings, the time allocated for the case and the witnesses brought forward, the influence of productivity and morale and the further cost of getting a new employee. If only there was someone who was able to explain to lerato regarding the situation when she refused to take the job or before that it would have been a positive conflict. The arbitrator would have provided Lerato with a confidential means and method by which Lerato and Petunia could have both discussed their interpersonal conflict and come out with a negotiation regarding the outcome. These are the stages: Petunia is a senior manager and Lerato a manager reporting indirectly to her which is a reason for Petunia to feel superior t Lerato. The initial case of conflict was when Lerato perceived that Petunia was the one responsible behind her moving to a different office. (Perceived Conflict) This caused her to rethink and analyze that it was because Petunia had accused her of insubordination. (Conflict Antecedents) Lerato starts lobbying against Petunia.(Felt Conflict) Lerato subject to disciplinary measures and dismissed.(Manifest Conflict) The believed reason behind the conflict from Lerato’s side was Power or value asymmetries. Procedures that went by: It started out by perceived pressures then moved on to an approach-approach conflict and then to an approach-avoidance conflict the avoidance did not allow for negotiation or understanding which resulted in the firing of lerato. The dysfunctionality of this conflict is seen by the way it was resolved, My view of the case study is that the way it went along was not right and this is not the way to solve a conflict, In my opinion lerato should not have perceived and acted stubborn she should have asked for guidance or confronted Petunia directly and found out if it was her who had gotten her changed from department to department. Secondly even if this was the case she should have come to an understanding with Petunia regarding the situation and tried to resolve it in a more diplomatic way, not by being stubborn and accusing blindly as Petunia is her senior. Thirdly, the department should have been involved about the case and should have taken immediate action and seen to it that both of them came to an understanding regarding what had happened and not let it escalate to such a high level. Lerato should have addressed the board and seen to it that a proper evaluation of her work and skills be made in regard to her transfer and whether or not it was truly needed. The way things were going impacted the company and the work environment of other employees as well. The way in which Petunia did it was right where she addressed the Human Resources Department and asked them to take action against lerato. All of this could have been prevented if there was proper conflict recognition and conflict resolving matters that could have been done. References: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-types-conflict-organizations-174.html http://www.uni-muenster.de/Politikwissenschaft/Doppeldiplom/docs/Organizational.pdf http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ways-managing-conflict-organizations-2655.html

Lean The Lean Supply Chain Management - 1552 Words

Lean Management Approach In modern day world, organizations are facing a myriad of challenges. They are facing increasing and continually changing demands by customers, keen and knowledgeable competitors who seize every opportunity that comes their way, and a reduction of the resource base owing to increase spending. Most organizations, therefore, are seeking to increase customer satisfaction, reduce operational costs of doing business, and change their research strategy to improve their know-how on new trends in the market as a way of grasping a competitive edge among their competitors. Companies are engaging the lean supply chain management as a way of achieving their goals. As such, through the approach they can provide the right†¦show more content†¦Lean management eliminates instances where an organization requires pressuring suppliers to reduce prices, it eliminates the use of batch and queue method in managing inventory, and instances where an organization is forced to hold inventory in the semi-finished product status all of which cause missed opportunities for identifying wastes and adding value (Maleki Machado, 2013). The Lean Supply Chain Management (LSCM) approach leads to several effects in the firm. To begin with, due to the planning process involved, a company will reduce the number of suppliers that they have for each commodity that they regularly purchase. The approach will bring about the concept of vetting and which will lead to one or a few suppliers (Slack, Chamber, Johnston, 2007). Additionally, a company will look into the finer details of the company that they intend to keep as their supplier. They (the company) will look for details about corporate culture, growth plans, and technology and check if they tally with its own. A supplier whose detail will be similar with that of the company will then be taken up and upheld as the supplier. The aim of this will be to maintain a cordial relationship that will be defined by similar principles. Further, a company will identify and keep supplier partners because of the future growth of the company. Undoubtedly, after